Brain

"In summary, this study exhibited that short-term acute exposure to RF-EMR induces oxidative stress in young adolescent rat brain regions with a marked increase in carbon-centered radicals and lipid peroxidation. Rats exposed to RF-EMR showed single-strand DNA breaks in the cortex and hippocampus, impaired hippocampal neurogenesis, and increased neuronal degeneration in the DG region."

"RFR-exposure caused changes in neurotransmitters and enzyme neurochemistry. Cytochrome C oxidase enzyme and neurotransmitters especially dopamine, gamma-amino butyric acid , glutamine and serotonin and their activities levels were significantly altered especially with prolonged duration in RFR exposure. These findings would altogether suggest that radiofrequency radiation exposure might change brain neurochemistry permanently following exposure either during the intrauterine or the postnatal stage of life. The implications of these changes on later life mental health and neurological attributes will require further investigation."

"Exposure to RF-EMR from MPBS may cause adverse effects in mice brain by inducing oxidative stress arising from the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as indicated by enhanced lipid peroxidation, and reduced levels and activities of antioxidants."

"Our results suggest that repeated exposure to 2.45 GHz elicited GCR/HSP-70 dysregulation in the brain, triggering a state of stress that could decrease tissue anti-inflammatory action without favoring glial proliferation and make the nervous system more vulnerable."

"In conclusion, using a MEG sensor and source space analysis our study, to the best of our knowledge, confirmed for the first time that about 26 min of 900 MHz exposure can modulate both lower and upper alpha bands at rest with an effect detectable during the post-exposure period."

"In exposed mice compared to control mice, a significant increase in anxiety-like behavior has been observed. Histological observations have shown many black and dark blue cytoplasmic cells with shrunken morphology degenerative alterations in the neuronal hippocampus in the radiation exposed mice. In the RF-EMR mouse hippocampus, stereological analyses revealed a significant decrease in pyramidal and granule neurons compared to controls. Our findings suggest that 2400-MHz RF-EMR cell phone radiation affects the structural integrity of the hippocampus, which would lead to behavioral changes such as anxiety. However, it alerts us to the possible long-term detrimental effects of exposure to RF-EMR."

"We observed that microwave exposure led to significant epigenetic modulations in the hippocampus with increasing frequency and duration of exposure. Microwave exposure with increasing frequency and exposure duration brings significant (p < 0.05) epigenetic modulations which alters gene expression in the hippocampus."

"In conclusion, the study showed the mechanism of MWR toxicity at the frequency of 1800 MHz and the SAR value 0.433 W/kg. MWR exposure contributes to the poor defense capacity of the brain against ROS due to compromised GSH homeostasis and causes a condition of oxidative stress. These changes modulate the immune responses by producing inflammatory cytokine. Oxidative stress leads to DNA fragmentation and initiated neuronal cell death in the hippocampus region verified by histopathological observations. Thus, strengthening the statement that MWR could be a huge risk of induction of brain damage, though further investigations are needed to unblemished the mechanism in detail."

"Although we found that more than 30 min exposure to GSM-1800 radiation resulted in prolongation of certain ABR [auditory brainstem response] components of rabbits, further investigation may be needed into the potential adverse effects on the auditory pathways."

"The results of this work show that frequent exposure to RF radiation diminished the antioxidant defense status and evoked distorted structural integrity of brain cells and this effect was exacerbated with increased duration of exposure. Within the limits of the present study, it appears that unwitting frequent occupational, intentional and inadvertent exposures to RF radiation may evoke cerebral dysfunction in predisposed individuals. Hence, this study serves as public awareness of the potential health risk associated with prolonged and frequent use of mobile phones."

"The result of the present study reveals that low-intensity microwave exposure at frequencies 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response."

"In this paper, the effects of high-frequency wireless modem waves on the brain signal are investigated. To this end, the Electroencephalograph (EEG) recording of 15 volunteers is examined in four different bands."

"The average power and coherence analysis for different steps shows that radiated wireless waves to individuals have caused reduction or increment in power and also alterations in coherence between different brain regions. It means a change in the brain signals’ natural rhythm which can affect the natural course of the brain that can have incurable consequences in long term."

"Exposure of microwave radiation frequency showed significant alterations in cholinesterase activity, muscular strength, learning ability and anxiety. MWR exposure was also associated with significant alteration in the oxidative defense system and hippocampus degeneration. Histopathological observations clearly depicted the neural degeneration. Thus, it can be concluded that MWR significantly affects the central nervous system and may lead to many severe illnesses. This study may reveal a platform to understand its toxic effect and can further be used for amendment in current guidelines of mobile radiation."

"The present paper covers an extensive study on the effects on various brain waves due to exposure to mobile radiations. A large data base of 75 healthy subjects is analyzed to study the impact of RF radiations on five brain waves. Significant changes have been observed in almost all the brain waves at the different channels. The changes are observed on the right temporal side towards the right ear to which the mobile phone is held."

"Both GSM and CW signals elicited a clear decrease in bursting rate during the RF exposure phase. This effect became more marked with increasing SAR and lasted even beyond the end of exposure for the highest SAR levels. Moreover, the amplitude of the effect was greater with the GSM signal. Altogether, our experimental findings provide evidence for dose-dependent effects of RF signals on the bursting rate of neuronal cultures and suggest that part of the mechanism is nonthermal."

"Animals exposed to EMR-2450 MHz exhibited significant cognitive deficits. EMR2450 MHz caused loss of mitochondrial function and integrity, an increase in amyloid beta expression. There was release of cytochrome-c and activation of apoptotic factors such as caspase-9 and -3 in the hippocampus. Further, there was decrease in levels of acetylcholine, and increase in activity of acetyl cholinesterase, indicating impairment of cholinergic system. Therefore, exposure of EMR-2450 in rats caused cognitive deficit with related pathophysiological changes in mitochondrial and cholinergic function, and amyloidogenesis."

"Light microscopic findings of the present study showed that cellular size of neuronal cells in pyramidal layer of cerebral cortex, neurons of hippocampus and some granular layers in cerebral cortex of RF-EMR exposed rats decreased in compare to control groups. Individual cells could be seen with condensed cytoplasm and nucleus. Electron microscopic findings revealed individual shrunken cells with condensed cytoplasm and nucleus."

"The present study provides experimental evidence that both exposure duration (1 week versus 10 weeks) and different carrier frequencies (900 vs. 2100 MHz) had different effects on the protein expression of hippocampus in Wistar rats, which might encourage further research on protection against RF-EMR exposure."

"Exposure to EMF from mobile phones causes DNA damage and stimulates a cascade of pre-cancerous changes in the living tissue leading to impaired cell proliferation. The current study is comparable with another study showing the same adaptive changes in Purkinje cells following stress."

"It was concluded from current results that radiations from 2G, 3G and 4G mobile phones have deleterious effects on the organization of Purkinje cell layer of cerebellum with 3G and 4G causing more harm as compared to EMF from 2G mobile phones."

"In this study, the effect of Wi-Fi radiation exposure as a threat to brain health was studied using genomic analysis and histopathological study which showed the high risk of its genotoxicity especially in prolonged exposure spectrum through the findings from this study. The genomic analysis confirmed DNA damage due to Wi-Fi radiation toxicity and DNA damage effect which was seen through the RAPD profiles of animals from the exposed groups. The histopathological analyses also confirmed significant deleterious alterations in the brain tissues of Wi-Fi-exposed animals."

"The results revealed that WiFi exposure caused a significant increase in anxiety level and affect locomotor function. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in AChE activity with a concomitant increase in AChE mRNA expression level in WiFi exposed rats when compared with control. In conclusions, these data showed that long term exposure to WiFi may lead to adverse effects such as neurodegenerative diseases as observed by a significant alteration on AChE gene expression and some neurobehavioral parameters associated with brain damage."

"We conclude that long term exposure to ultra-high frequency radiation emitted from a 2G mobile phone could cause reduction in the density of neurons in the hippocampus region of CA1, CA2 and DGDB; increased neuron density in CA3 and DGVB region. Similarly, significantly lower nuclear diameter in the hippocampus region of CA1, CA2, CA3, and DGDB & DGVB of 2G exposed neurons. Thus the changes observed in the hippocampus neurons could bring about signs and symptoms connected with headache, lack of concentration, memory, anxiety and emotion."

"The electroencephalograph (EEG) were recorded for each 5-minute time trial before, during and after RF exposure with an intensity of 10% of the ICNIRP Guideline exposure limits."

"Statistical tests indicate that theta and alpha waves were able to be characterized, and the significant differences were observed in both alpha waves and theta waves between the data before and after exposure from the consequence of paired t-tests."

"Outcomes of the scales analyzing suggested that the degree of positive emotions is reduced after RF exposure, and there is no significant changes in the degree of negative emotion."

"Exposure to GSM-EMFs of a mobile phone can influence human dominant alpha rhythms in a resting state. Our results showed a power decrease of alpha band during and after exposure to GSM-EMFs compared with sham exposure in an eyes-closed condition."

"This study attempted to approach the question whether or not mobile phones cause (short-term) changes in EEG activity. There was evidence that mobile phone radiation is associated with increased activity of the alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands in nearly every brain region. The distance of the mobile phone to the brain was relevant, a larger distance resulting in less or no EEG interference. Replication of the present findings and investigation of possible long term (clinically relevant) effects is urgently required."

"It was concluded that, when a dialing mobile phone is placed on the ear, its radiation, although unconsciously, is electrically detected by the brain. The question of whether or not this cortical reactivity results in a negative health outcome has to be answered in future longitudinal experiments."

"Results of this study showed that cell phone RF waves in the post-natal period for 8 hours reduces the number of granular cells, reduces the thickness of the granular layer of the cerebellum and ultimately cause reduced cerebellar weight to body weight ratio compared with the control group."

"Results of the current study clearly demonstrate that, RF-EMR exposure for a period of one month induced excessive lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidants defense status in different brain regions of rats. We also conclude that oxidative stress could be one of the underlying mechanisms for behavioral alterations seen in rats after RF-EMR exposure. It is advisable to have a pre-cautionary measure to reduce continuous and chronic exposure to RF-EMR from mobile phone and other RF-EMR emitting devices."

"RESULTS: The exposure to EMR resulted in significant changes in DA, NE and 5-HT in the four selected areas of adult rat brain.

CONCLUSIONS: The exposure of adult rats to EMR may cause disturbances in monoamine neurotransmitters and this may underlie many of the adverse effects reported after EMR including memory, learning, and stress."

"Study shows that the oxidative stress is the main factor which activates a variety of cellular signal transduction pathways, among them the hsp27/p38MAPK is the pathway of principle stress response. Results conclude that 3G mobile phone radiations affect the brain function and cause several neurological disorders."

"The findings of the present study show that RF-EMR from mobile phones are undoubtedly capable of producing demonstrable morphological changes in sector CA3 at both cellular and synaptic levels. These changes though subtle are likely to produce behavioral and cognitive changes which require to be evaluated in future study to ascertain the extent of damage caused by such RF-ER- exposures."

"The nonlinear changes in EEG were studied using the signal processing tool called approximate entropy (ApEn) function. The ApEn function which is the measure of complexity in information process was found significantly low in group of subjects who were exposed to mobile phone EMF. In addition to this, the energy function corresponding to same group of subjects was found significantly larger at frontal position of electrodes. Since no study has been carried out to investigate the nonlinear effects on EEG due to mobile phone EMF, the results of this study might be proved useful in improving the further understanding about the effects of mobile phone EMF on brain."

"Our differential proteomic analysis results suggest that conventional MP and DECT base EMFs affect the proteome of hippocampus, cerebellum, and frontal lobe following whole body exposure of Balb/c mice."

"The reported herein effects can be considered non thermal since the actual SAR values calculated are well below ICNIRP’s (1998) guidelines."

"These results provide evidence that the human brain is sensitive to the effects of RF-EMFs from acute cell phone exposures. The findings of increased metabolism in regions closest to the antenna during acute cell phone exposure suggest that brain absorption of RF-EMFs may enhance the excitability of brain tissue."

"The present study suggested that the EMF chronic exposure at such a low level, similar to that emitted by mobile phone handset, can affect the electrical activity of the brain and causes shift to lower frequencies. This shift to lower frequency indicated a change in the arousal state of the animal. This study emphasized also the non-thermal effects of the EMF especially for chronic exposure. The study gave also evidence for the delayed effects of EMF which can be continued for a long period of time after cessation of EMF exposure. However, further studies are needed to verify these effects and investigate their significance to brain functions."

"These results suggest that exposure to 0.9 and 1.8 GHz CW RFR at levels below the international limits can affect the vascular permeability in the brain of male rats. The possible risk of RFR exposure in humans is a major concern for the society. Thus, this topic should be investigated more thoroughly in the future."

"Statistically significant changes were detected for six individual subjects in the EEG alpha band and four subjects in the beta1 and beta2 bands at the higher SAR level; three subjects were affected in the alpha, beta1 and beta2 bands at the lower SAR level. The study showed that decreasing the SAR 100 times reduced the related changes in the EEG three to six times and the number of affected subjects, but did not exclude the effect."

"Taken together, it can be concluded that in a number of studies MW effects upon the BBB permeability have been observed. Increased permeability can be seen both immediately after exposure, but also 7 days after the exposure, as reported in this primary report, and after 14 days. It seems that the effects of the MW radiation might result in persistent changes, such as those seen in our own studies with neuronal damage both 28 and 50 days after 2 h of mobile phone exposure. In a future perspective, with increasing number of active mobile phone users, passive mobile phoning, radiation emitted from base stations and also MWs emitted from other communication sources, effects of low non-thermal levels of exposure must be considered further. The effects seen in the rat studies give some clues about what might possibly happen in the human brain, with a BBB very similar to that of rats."