Pregnancy

"The exposure of zygotes to the 900–1800 MHZ mobile phone was associated with a developmental delay of cleavage embryos, by increasing the time to reach the full blastocyst stage. Embryo arrest, an increased presence of vacuoles and blastomere fragmentation of cleavage embryos, the occurrence of RC, were also observed in exposed embryos. These findings were associated with changes in the expression of genes connected with oxidative stress."

"Our results indicated that both male and female pups showed delayed incisor eruption in the EMF-exposed group compared to the sham group (+ 1 day). Regarding activity in the open field, adolescent females showed less stereotyped movements (− 70%), while adolescent males showed more stereotyped movements (+ 50%) compared to the sham-exposed adolescent rats. Thus, the present study suggested that perinatal exposure to 5G at SAR level below reglementary threshold led to perturbations in the descendants seen in juveniles and adolescents."

"Pre and postnatal 2450 MHz continuous wave radiofrequency radiation exposure may cause changes in the function of the MAPK pathway affecting cognitive processes such as learning and memory and may cause damage to both the fetus and adult brain tissue. Also, EMF may have potential to affect brain of future generations."

"In conclusion, the EMW propagated from mobile phones have harmful effects on DNA, RNA and protein content as well kidney function and oxidative stress of exposed rats and their offspring."

"It was shown that myocardial tissue was affected more by long-term exposure to EMF radiation at high frequencies. The data raise concerns that the harmful effects of non-ionizing radiation exposure on cardiac tissue will increase with 5G technology."

"This prospective randomized controlled study is the first study assessing the effects of magnetic field exposure on the foetuses and neuronal migration. It was revealed that, even in low doses of magnetic field, the expression of genes that are responsible for neuronal migration were found to be increased in foetuses. Gene expression changes may disrupt normal development of tissue. Further large-scale studies are needed to determine the exact RF dose and length of exposure that will cause neuronal migration anomalies. Furthermore, this study confirms that, magnetic field may cause negative effects on the foetuses, therefore revealed the need for protective measures to be taken to reduce exposure during pregnancy."

"It was demonstrated that the exposure of quail embryos to radiation resulted in a statistically significant increase in the content of superoxide, nitrogen oxide and TBA products, DNA integrity damage in embryo cells and increased embryo mortality."

"Irradiation of rats during pregnancy with an electromagnetic field has shown that GH2 hormone decrease and it causes retardation of offspring, shortening of the limbs and tail of newborn rats compared to controls, and that control rats' eyes open earlier than those of experimental rats and consequently weight loss in rats in the experimental group. The public, especially pregnant women, should be aware that the electromagnetic field negatively affects not only their health, but also the fetus, causing certain changes."

"RFR-exposure caused changes in neurotransmitters and enzyme neurochemistry. Cytochrome C oxidase enzyme and neurotransmitters especially dopamine, gamma-amino butyric acid , glutamine and serotonin and their activities levels were significantly altered especially with prolonged duration in RFR exposure. These findings would altogether suggest that radiofrequency radiation exposure might change brain neurochemistry permanently following exposure either during the intrauterine or the postnatal stage of life. The implications of these changes on later life mental health and neurological attributes will require further investigation."

"1800 MHz EMWs (SAR=1.79 W/kg) exposure in the prenatal and early postnatal life may lead to trigeminal nerve damage in addition to oxidative stress-induced neuronal degeneration and astroglial activation in the rat brain. Effects seem to be mode related, being more detrimental in groups exposed to MP during talk mode."

"Prenatal exposure to 1800 MHz and WiFi radiofrequency may affect the behavioral and cognitive development of offspring rats, which may be associated with altered mRNA expression of NMDARs in the hippocampus."

"In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that mobile phone exposure during pregnancy could have an important potential to cause oxidative stress and DNA damage in cord blood and placenta. The results of this study also indicated that combined effects of Wi-Fi plus mobile phone exposure have a higher potential to cause synergistic harmful effects."

"The present study showed that EMR exerted a significant frequency and duration dependent reduction in serum estrogen, progesterone, plasma TAS, vitamin C and uterine GSH which was accompanied by significant increase in plasma and uterine MDA."

"The placenta provides nutrients and oxygen to embryo and removes waste products from embryo’s blood. As far as we know, the effects of exposure to Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz) signals on placenta have not been evaluated."

"Our results provide evidence that Wi-Fi signals increase lipid peroxidation, SOD activity (oxidative stres), apoptosis and CDKN1A and GADD45a overexpression in mice placenta tissue."

"This study has shown that intrauterine liver damage caused by 1,800-MHz EMF exposure persists into puberty in rats."

"Ovarian reserve of offspring diminished with RF exposure during pregnancy. Omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the potential premature ovarian failure."

"The results of this study concluded that electromagnetic wave radiation from active-mode 3G mobile phones can result in oxidative stress and damage at the cellular level in the rat maternal and fetus."

"Exposure of chick embryos to EMF caused decreases in relative heart weight and right ventricle wall thickness."

"Exposure to mobile phone (900–1800 MHz) during pregnancy induced oxidative stress in tissues of dams and their offspring."

"The chronic exposure of chick embryo liver to RFR emitted from 2G and 3G cell phone resulted in various structural changes and DNA damage. The changes were more pronounced in 3G experimental group. Based on these findings it is necessary to create awareness among public about the possible ill effects of RFR exposure from cell phone."

"The frequency and SAR were used in our experiment were within safety limits of ICNIRP & IEEE guidelines. According to experiment results, we suggest that long-term exposure to EMF within microwave frequency during a pregnancy lead to chronic stress which in turn may cause some detrimental effects on pre- and postnatal development via different pathways, for that an additional studies need to be conducted to clarify the actual pathways that involve in such harmful effects."

"Based on this study, it is thought that chronic pre- and post-natal period exposure to wireless internet frequency of EMF may cause chronic kidney damages; staying away from EMF source in especially pregnancy and early childhood period may reduce negative effects of exposure on kidney."

"Prenatal exposure to continuous 900-MHz EMF for 1 h each day from days 13–21 led to a decrease in ovarian follicle reservoirs in female rat pups at the beginning of the prepubertal period."

"Bone and muscle tissue development was negatively affected due to prenatal exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field."

"Our present research established that exposure to mobile phone radiation during embryonic development has an adverse effect on chick social behaviors after hatching, reducing aggregation time and belongingness, and resulting in weaker vocalization."

"The study results show that a 900-MHz EMF applied in the prenatal period caused oxidative stress and pathological alterations in the liver in the postnatal period."

"Exposure to 2450 MHz EMF, particularly in the prenatal period, resulted in postnatal growth restriction and delayed puberty in female Wistar rats. Increased TOS and OSI values in the brain and ovary tissues can be interpreted as a sign of chronic stress induced by EMF."

"In conclusion, Wi-Fi-induced oxidative stress in the brain and liver of developing rats was the result of reduced GSH-Px, GSH and antioxidant vitamin concentrations. Moreover, the brain seemed to be more sensitive to oxidative injury compared to the liver in the development of newborns."

"In conclusion, our study results show that prenatal exposure to EMF affects the development of Purkinje cells in the female rat cerebellum and that the consequences of this pathological effect persist after the postnatal period."

"We have demonstrated that the kidneys of 21-day-old male rat pups exposed to 900 MHz EMF on prenatal days 13–21 were affected adversely. EMP exposure appears to cause pathological changes in the kidney, oxidative stress and decreased antioxidative enzyme levels."

"Exposure to 900 MHz EMF during the prenatal period can cause pathological and biochemical changes that may compromise the development of the male rat thymus and spleen."

"Experimental data obtained in this study revealed that prenatal and post natal exposure of female and male rabbits aged one-month-old to 1800 MHz GSM-like RFR (18 mW/kg SAR) resulted to cause oxidative destruction in lipids and DNA molecules in brain tissues."

"Our findings implicate exposure to 900 MHz EMF for 1 h each day between days 13 and 21 of pregnancy in the development of postnatal alterations in male reproductive structure and function, and associated biochemical markers. These alterations include increased plasma DNA oxidation, decreased sperm motility and vitality, alterations of the normal morphological structure of the testis and epididymis sperm quality at postnatal day 60."

"From this experimental study we can conclude that prolonged exposure to mobile phone radiations can lead to decrease in tubular as well as luminal diameter in the proximal and distal tubules of the developing kidneys of chick embryo."

"RFR promotes degenerative changes in the parotid salivary glands of the prenatally and postnatally exposed rats. These changes are related to the duration of the exposure. These data support the concept that exposure to RFR has a hazardous effect on the development of the parotid gland of prenatally exposed embryos and young children."

"Our study results suggest that exposure to EMF in the prenatal period causes oxidative stress and histopathological changes in male rat pup heart tissue."

"The present study showed that exposure of developing chick embryo lens to RF radiation from a 2G cell phone resulted in micro structural changes in the lens. These changes were observed as multilayered epithelium on the anterior surface of lens, formation of aberrant posterior epithelium, cystic cells and spaces, and distortion in the arrangement of posterior part of lens fibers."

"In summary, our research demonstrated that fetal exposure to 9.417-GHz microwave radiation led to behavioral alterations that persisted into adulthood. We found that fetal microwave radiation caused neurobehavioral disorders and gender-specific learning and memory deficits in mice, and provided significant targets for neurobehavioral detection. These findings will be beneficial in relation to the perinatal care of pregnant women and improve our understanding of the etiology of neurobehavioral disorders. The increasing rate of behavioral disorders in children may be, at least in part, due to fetal microwave radiation exposure."

"Prenatal exposure of rat kidneys to 900 MHz EMF resulted in increased total kidney volume and decreased the numbers of glomeruli."

"On the basis of our results, the development of the spinal cord was affected in female rat pups exposed to 900 MHz EMF on days 13-21 of the prenatal period. This effect persisted with pathologies in spinal cord morphology in the postnatal period, the pathological changes in the spinal cord compromised communication between the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and this emerged in the form of behavioral changes in 32-day-old female rat pups."

"Our findings led us to conclude that a low level of MW irradiation-induced oxidative stress not only suppresses implantation, but it may also lead to deformity of the embryo in case pregnancy continues. We also suggest that MW radiation-induced oxidative stress by increasing ROS production in the body may lead to DNA strand breakage in the brain cells and implantation failure/resorption or abnormal pregnancy in mice."

"Our results suggest that, mobile phone is able to induce a serious disruption in learning and memory and these observed deficits would suggest that we should limit the usage of these instruments during pregnancy."

"Our results show that exposure to a 900 MHz EMF in the prenatal period had an adverse effect on female pups’ learning behavior and also caused histopathological changes in the hippocampus."

"The study results show that exposure to 900 MHZ EMF on prenatal days 13-21 caused a decrease in the number of pyramidal cells in the cornu ammonis region of the hippocampus on postnatal day 32. In addition, the presence of picnotic cells in the cornu ammonis region in the experimental group pups suggests that EMF applied on days 13-21 of the prenatal period leads to cell deaths, and that it reduces the number of pyramidal cells with these deaths. Additionally, these findings suggest that long-term exposure to 900 MHz EMF in the prenatal period affects neuron development in the hippocampus, and that this may result in a decrease in cell numbers in the postnatal period."

"The data obtained indicate that exposure of quail embryos to extremely low intensity RF-EMR of GSM 900 MHz, far below the ICNIRP safety limits, leads to a significant overproduction of superoxide and nitrogen oxide in embryo cells and resulted in the significant features of oxidative stress, including oxidative damage of DNA."

"Results showed that serum lipid peroxidation level in both female and male rabbits changed due to the RFR exposure. However, different parameters of the blood biochemistry were affected by exposure in male and female infants. Consequently, the whole-body 1800 MHz GSMlike RFR exposure may lead to oxidative stress and changes on some blood chemistry parameters."

"Here we demonstrate that fetal exposure to 800–1900 Mhz-rated radiofrequency radiation from cellular telephones leads to behavioral and neurophysiological alterations that persist into adulthood. Mice exposed during pregnancy had impaired memory, were hyperactive and had decreased anxiety, indicating that in-utero exposure to radiofrequency is a potential cause of neurobehavioral disorders."

"Data obtained in this study suggested that exposure to EM fields during pregnancy could alter the normal development and increase the risk of variations in the skeletal system of rat fetuses."